The Saturn IB

Apollo 7/Saturn 1B launch in 1968 from LC-34 (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Had the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) gone ahead as planned in 1966, that other piloted Saturn rocket, the Saturn IB, might have become more famous that the Saturn V. It would have become the AAP workhorse rocket, with more than two dozen flights to its credit.

The detailed 1971 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center graphic at the top of this post is a great point of departure for describing the Saturn IB. With this post in place, I need not describe the Saturn IB each time I mention it.

As the graphic indicates, the Saturn IB was a two-stage rocket. Both stages were expended in launching their payload. The S-IVB stage served double-duty as the Saturn V moon rocket’s third stage.

The ring above the second stage, the Instrument Unit, was the Saturn IB’s IBM-built electronic brain. The skinny Launch Escape System (LES) tower on top contained a solid-propellant rocket motor designed to pull the three-man Apollo Command Module to which it was attached to safety in the event the Saturn IB malfunctioned.

The conical Command Module was one part of the two-part Apollo Command and Service Module (CSM) spacecraft.

Finally, the Saturn Launch Adapter was a segmented, streamlined shroud that linked the bottom of the CSM to the top of the Instrument Unit.

Saturn IB rockets boosted Apollo CSM spacecraft bearing astronauts into low-Earth orbit just five times. The first piloted Saturn IB, designated SA-205, launched Apollo 7 on 11 October 1968. The rocket lifted off from Launch Complex 34, located at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, just south of NASA’s Kennedy Space Center. Astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham tested the first piloted CSM in orbit for 11 days before splashing down in the North Atlantic Ocean on 22 October 1968.

The next Saturn IB rocket to fly, SA-206, did not launch until 25 May 1973, nearly five years after Apollo 7. SA-206 launched the Skylab 2 CSM to the Skylab Orbital Workshop. Skylab, a converted S-IVB stage taken from the SA-212 Saturn IB rocket, had reached orbit on 14 May 1973 unmanned atop the last Saturn V to fly.

The second crew to visit Skylab lifted off atop Saturn IB SA-207 on 28 July 1973. Moonwalker Alan Bean and rookies Jack Lousma and Owen Garriott lived on board for 59 days and splashed down on 29 September 1973. The all-rookie third crew, made up of Gerald Carr, William Pogue, and Edward Gibson, launched on SA-208 on 16 November 1973 and splashed down on 8 February 1974.

The last Saturn IB to fly, SA-210, lifted off on 15 July 1975, bearing Thomas Stafford, Vance Brand, and Donald Slayton. Their mission, called the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, was ostensibly an international space rescue test, but was in fact a poster child for President Richard Nixon’s policy of detente with the Soviet Union.

SA-206, -207, -208, and -210 all launched from the Launch Complex 39B Saturn V pad at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center. NASA planning contractor Bellcomm realized in late 1968 that launching AAP missions from Launch Complex 39 would allow Launch Complex 34 and its twin, Launch Complex 37, to be abandoned, thus saving NASA a considerable sum of money.

The decision to launch Saturn IB rockets from a Saturn V pad led to what was probably the most unusual launch pad arrangement of the Space Age. Called the “milk stool,” it was a platform that raised the Saturn IB so that its S-IVB stage and CSM were at the same height as their Saturn V counterparts. This enabled the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Saturn IBs to use the existing Launch Complex 39B S-IVB and CSM umbilicals and crew access arm.

A total of 14 Saturn IB rockets were at least partly constructed. Besides four unmanned Saturn IB missions that flew before Apollo 7 and the five Saturn IB-launched missions described above, there were SA-209, SA-211, SA-212, SA-213, and SA-214. SA-209 was actually prepared for a possible launch – for a short time in July 1973, it appeared that it would be needed to launch a two-man rescue CSM to recover the Skylab 3 crew. SA-209 is now on display at the Kennedy Space Center visitor center. As mentioned above, the SA-212 S-IVB stage became Skylab. The other Saturn IB rockets were turned into displays of various kinds or scrapped.